Borderline Personality Disorder Features Based on Research
Each picture in the chart below represents a feature of Borderline Personality Disorder for which research is available. These findings demonstrate specific BPD brain connectivity and reactions that can help you understand and predict BPD behaviors. Learning about these research findings will help you reframe BPD behaviors.
TARA4BPD encourages you to read actual research. Don’t Be intimidated! If you aren’t used to reading science research, we are providing you with a TARA4BPD Guide to Reading Research Articles.
Hypervigilance
Hypervigilance in patients with borderline personality disorder: specificity, automaticity, and predictors. Sieswerda, S., Arntz, A., Mertens, I., & Vertommen, S. (2007). Behaviour research and therapy, 45(5), 1011-1024. learn more
Successful psychotherapy reduces hypervigilance in borderline personality disorder. Sieswerda, S., Arntz, A., & Kindt, M. (2007). SBehavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35(4), 387-402. learn more
Hypervigilance in borderline disorder: a test with the emotional Stroop paradigm. Arntz, A., Appels, C., & Sieswerda, S. (2000). Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(4), 366-373. learn more
Hypersensitivity
Oxytocin and reduction of social threat hypersensitivity in women with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(10), 1169-1177.Sieswerda, S., Arntz, A., Mertens, I., & Vertommen, S. (2007). https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020263 learn more
A comprehensive evaluation of emotional responsiveness in borderline personality disorder: a support for hypersensitivity hypothesis. Bortolla, R., Cavicchioli, M., Galli, M., Verschure, P. F., & Maffei, C. (2019). Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 6(1), 8. learn more
Negative bias and reduced visual information processing of socio-emotional context in borderline personality disorder: A support for the hypersensitivity hypothesis. Bortolla, R., Galli, M., Ramella, P., Sirtori, F., Visintini, R., & Maffei, C. (2020). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 69, 101589. learn more
Negative Bias
Negativity on two sides: Individuals with borderline personality disorder form negative first impressions of others and are perceived negatively by them. Hepp, J., Kieslich, P. J., Schmitz, M., Schmahl, C., & Niedtfeld, I. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. learn more
A negative bias in decoding positive social cues characterizes emotion processing in patients with symptom-remitted BPD. Kleindienst, N., Hauschild, S., Liebke, L., Thome, J., Bertsch, K., Hensel, S., & Lis, S. (2019. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 6(1), 1-9.learn more
Attentional bias for emotional stimuli in borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis. Kaiser, D., Jacob, G. A., Domes, G., & Arntz, A. (2016). Psychopathology, 49(6), 383-396. learn more
Attentional bias in later stages of emotional information processing in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder von Ceumern-Lindenstjerna, I. A., Brunner, R., Parzer, P., Mundt, C., Fiedler, P., & Resch, F. (2010).. Psychopathology, 43(1), 25-32. learn more
Facial trust appraisal negatively biased in borderline personality disorder. Fertuck, E. A., Grinband, J., & Stanley, B. (2013). Psychiatry research, 207(3), 195-202. learn more
Attentional bias to personally relevant words in borderline personality disorder is strongly related to comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. Wingenfeld, K., Mensebach, C., Rullkoetter, N., Schlosser, N., Schaffrath, C., Woermann, F. G., ... & Beblo, T. (2009). Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(2), 141-155. learn more
Negative bias and reduced visual information processing of socio-emotional context in BPD: A support for the hypersensitivity hypothesis. Bortolla, R., Galli, M., Ramella, P., Sirtori, F., Visintini, R., & Maffei, C. (2020). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 69, 101589. learn more
When bad gets worse: Negative wording amplifies negative recall in persons with the borderline personality trait. Maraz, A., Nagy, T., & Ziegler, M. (2021). Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 274-285. learn more
Borderline personality features as a potential moderator of the effect of anger and depressive rumination on shame, self-blame, and self-forgiveness. Law, K. C., & Chapman, A. L. (2015). Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 46, 27-34. learn more
A negative bias in decoding positive social cues characterizes emotion processing in patients with symptom-remitted borderline personality disorder. Kleindienst, N., Hauschild, S., Liebke, L., Thome, J., Bertsch, K., Hensel, S., & Lis, S. (2019). BPD and emotion dysregulation, 6(1), 1-9. learn more
Rejection Sensitivity
Biobehavioral reactivity to social evaluative stress in women with borderline personality disorder. Scott, L. N., Levy, K. N., & Granger, D. A. (2013). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(2), 91. learn more
Social disadvantage and borderline personality disorder: A study of social networks. Beeney, J. E., Hallquist, M. N., Clifton, A. D., Lazarus, S. A., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2018). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(1), 62. learn more
Rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder and the cognitive-affective personality system: a meta-analytic review. Cavicchioli, M., Maffei, C. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(1), 1.
Rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder features: the mediating roles of attachment anxiety, need to belong, and self-criticism. Sato, M., Fonagy, P., Luyten, P. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(5), 273. learn more
Examining the impact of online rejection among emerging adults with borderline personality pathology: Development of a novel online group chat social rejection paradigm. Richmond, J.R., Edmonds, K.A., Rose, J.P., Gratz, K.L. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(5), 301.
Trust and rejection sensitivity in personality disorders. Poggi, A., Richetin, J., & Preti, E. (2019). Current psychiatry reports, 21(8), 1-9. learn more
BPD symptoms and affective responding to perceptions of rejection and acceptance from romantic versus nonromantic partners.Lazarus, S. A., Scott, L. N., Beeney, J. E., Wright, A. G., Stepp, S. D., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2018). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(3), 197. learn more
Common neural responses to romantic rejection and acceptance in healthy adults. Hsu, D. T., Sankar, A., Malik, M. A., Langenecker, S. A., Mickey, B. J., & Love, T. M. (2020). Social Neuroscience, 15(5), 571-583. learn more
The rejection–rage contingency in borderline personality disorder. Berenson, K. R., Downey, G., Rafaeli, E., Coifman, K. G., & Paquin, N. L. (2011). Journal of abnormal psychology, 120(3), 681. learn more
Impulsivity, rejection sensitivity, and reactions to stressors in borderline personality disorder. Berenson, K. R., Gregory, W. E., Glaser, E., Romirowsky, A., Rafaeli, E., Yang, X., & Downey, G. (2016). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(4), 510-521. learn more
Rejection sensitivity and disruption of attention by social threat cues. Berenson, K. R., Gyurak, A., Ayduk, Ö., Downey, G., Garner, M. J., Mogg, K., ... & Pine, D. S. (2009). Journal of research in personality, 43(6), 1064-1072. learn more
Out of the frying pan, into the fire: Mixed affective reactions to social proximity in borderline and avoidant personality disorders in daily life. Gadassi, R., Snir, A., Berenson, K., Downey, G., & Rafaeli, E. (2014). Journal of abnormal psychology, 123(3), 613. learn more
Self-Referential Processing
Negative evaluation bias for positive self-referential information in borderline personality disorder. Winter, D., Herbert, C., Koplin, K., Schmahl, C.,
Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2015). PLoS One, 10(1), e0117083. learn moreElectrocortical reactivity during self-referential processing in female youth with borderline personality disorder. Auerbach, R. P., Tarlow, N., Bondy, E., Stewart, J. G., Aguirre, B., Kaplan, C. & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2016). Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 1(4), 335-344. learn more
The Modulating Role of Self-Referential Stimuli and Processes in the Effect of Stress and Negative Emotion on Inhibition Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: Proposition of a Model to Integrate the Self-Concept and Inhibition Processes. Gagnon, J., Aldebert, J., Saleh, G., & Kim, W. S. (2019). Brain sciences, 9(4), 77. learn more
Self–other distinction and borderline personality disorder features: Evidence for egocentric and altercentric bias in a self–other facial morphing task. De Meulemeester, C., Lowyck, B., Panagiotopoulou, E., Fotopoulou, A., & Luyten, P. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. learn more
Evaluation and memory of social events in borderline personality disorder: effects of valence and self-referential context. Winter, D., Koplin, K., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2016). Psychiatry research, 240, 19-25. learn more
Reduced neural differentiation between self-referential cognitive and emotional processes in women with borderline personality disorder. Scherpiet, S., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Scheerer, H., Habermeyer, V., Jäncke, L., & Brühl, A. B. (2015). Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 233(3), 314-323. learn more
Self and identity in borderline personality disorder: Agency and mental time travel. Gold, N., & Kyratsous, M. (2017). Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 23(5), 1020-1028. learn more
Reduced self-referential source memory performance is associated with interpersonal dysfunction in borderline personality disorder. Minzenberg, M. J., Fisher-Irving, M., Poole, J. H., & Vinogradov, S. (2006). Journal of personality disorders, 20(1), 42-54. learn more
Neuroimaging the traumatized self: fMRI reveals altered response in cortical midline structures and occipital cortex during visual and verbal self-and other-referential processing in women with PTSD. Frewen, P., Thornley, E., Rabellino, D., & Lanius, R. (2017). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), 1314164. learn more
Ruminative and mindful self-focused attention in borderline personality disorder. Sauer, S. E., & Baer, R. A. (2012). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(4), 433. learn more
Lack of Distress Tolerance
Distress tolerance moderates the relationship between negative affect intensity with borderline personality disorder levels. Bornovalova, M. A., Matusiewicz, A., & Rojas, E. (2011). Comprehensive psychiatry, 52(6), 744-753. learn more
Inability to withstand present-moment experiences in borderline personality disorder: a meta-analytic review. Cavicchioli, M., Rugi, C., & Maffei, C. (2015). Clinical Neuropsychiatry, (4).learn more
Relation of distress tolerance and self-compassion with symptoms of borderline personality in people with borderline personality disorder Referred to one of the military hospitals. Mohammadi, R., Khanjani, S., & Rajabi, M. (2015). Journal of Police Medicine, 4(3), 191-200. learn more
Distress and affective dysregulation in patients with BPD: A psychophysiological ambulatory monitoring study. Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Kuo, J., Schlotz, W., Kleindienst, N., Rosenthal, M. Z., Detterer, L.& Bohus, M. (2008). The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 196(4), 314-320. learn more
Levels of distress tolerance in schizophrenia appear equivalent to those found in borderline personality disorder. Bonfils, K. A., & Lysaker, P. H. (2020). Journal of clinical psychology, 76(9), 1668-1676. learn more
The interactive role of distress tolerance and borderline personality disorder in suicide attempts among substance users in residential treatment. Anestis, M. D., Gratz, K. L., Bagge, C. L., & Tull, M. T. (2012). Comprehensive psychiatry, 53(8), 1208-1216. learn more
The emotional pain and distress of borderline personality disorder: A review of the literature. Holm, A. L., & Severinsson, E. (2008). International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 17(1), 27-35. learn more
Pain perception during self-reported distress and calmness in patients with borderline personality disorder and self-mutilating behavior. Bohus, M., Limberger, M., Ebner, U., Glocker, F. X., Schwarz, B., Wernz, M., & Lieb, K. (2000). Psychiatry research, 95(3), 251-260. learn more
An investigation of experiential avoidance, emotion dysregulation, and distress tolerance in young adult outpatients with BPD symptoms. Iverson, K. M., Follette, V. M., Pistorello, J., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2012). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(4), 415. learn more
Specific or transdiagnostic? The occurrence of emotions and their association with distress in the daily life of patients with BPD compared to clinical and healthy controls. Kockler, T. D., Santangelo, P. S., Limberger, M. F.,Bohus, M., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2020). Psychiatry research, 284, 112692. learn more
Shame
Daily shame and hostile irritability in adolescent girls with borderline personality disorder symptoms. Scott, L. N., Stepp, S. D., Hallquist, M. N., Whalen, D. J., Wright, A. G., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2015). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(1), 53. learn more
Shame and borderline personality features: The potential mediating role of anger and anger rumination. Peters, J. R., Geiger, P. J., Smart, L. M., & Baer, R. A. (2014). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(1), 1. learn more
Expressed emotion, shame, and non-suicidal self-injury. Hack, J., & Martin, G. (2018). International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(5), 890. learn more
Effects of shame induction in borderline personality disorder. Scheel, C. N., Schneid, E. M., Tuescher, O., Lieb, K., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Jacob, G. A. (2013). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(6), 1160-1168. learn more
Shame as a prospective predictor of self-inflicted injury in borderline personality disorder: A multi-modal analysis. Brown, M. Z., Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Murray, A., & Chapman, A. L. (2009). Behaviour research and therapy, 47(10), 815-822. learn more
Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder. Rüsch, N., Lieb, K., Göttler, I., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Richter, H., ... & Bohus, M. (2007). American journal of psychiatry, 164(3), 500-508. learn more
Borderline personality disorder and self-conscious affect: Too much shame but not enough guilt? Peters, J. R., & Geiger, P. J. (2016). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 303. learn more
Neural basis of shame and guilt experience in women with borderline personality disorder. Göttlich, M., Westermair, A. L., Beyer, F., Bußmann, M. L., Schweiger, U., & Krämer, U. M. (2020). European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 270(8), 979-992. learn more
Aversive Arousal
Associations of emotional arousal, dissociation and symptom severity with operant conditioning in borderline personality disorder. Paret, C., Hoesterey, S., Kleindienst, N., & Schmahl, C. (2016). Psychiatry research, 244, 194-201. learn more
The impact of stimulus arousal level on emotion regulation effectiveness in borderline personality disorder. Fitzpatrick, S., & Kuo, J. R. (2016). Psychiatry research, 241, 242-248. learn more
Potentiated amygdala response to repeated emotional pictures in borderline personality disorder. Hazlett, E. A., Zhang, J., New, A. S., Zelmanova, Y., Goldstein, K. E., Haznedar, M. M., ... & Chu, K. W. (2012). Biological psychiatry, 72(6), 448-456. learn more
Emotional vulnerability in borderline personality disorder is cue specific and modulated by traumatization. Limberg, A., Barnow, S., Freyberger, H. J., & Hamm, A. O. (2011). Biological psychiatry, 69(6), 574-582. learn more
Affect regulation and pain in borderline personality disorder: a possible link to the understanding of self-injury. Niedtfeld, I., Schulze, L., Kirsch, P., Herpertz, S. C., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C. (2010). Biological psychiatry, 68(4), 383-391. learn more
Sleep Difficulties
Relationship between maladaptive cognitions about sleep and recovery in patients with borderline personality disorder. Plante, D. T., Frankenburg, F. R., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Zanarini, M. C. (2013). Psychiatry research, 210(3), 975-979. learn more
Signs of insomnia in borderline personality disorder individuals. Bastien, C. H., Guimond, S., St-Jean, G., & Lemelin, S. (2008). Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 4(5), 462-470. learn more
Sleep deprivation impairs the accurate recognition of human emotions. Van Der Helm, E.,Gujar, N., & Walker, M.P. (2010).Sleep, 33(3), 335-342. learn more
Sleep deprivation impairs the human central and peripheral nervous system discrimination of social threat. Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., & Walker, M. P. (2015). Journal of Neuroscience, 35(28), 10135-10145. learn more
Poor sleep and its relation to impulsivity in patients with antisocial or borderline personality disorders. Van Veen, M. M., Karsten, J., & Lancel, M. (2017). Behavioral Medicine, 43(3), 218-226. learn more
Sleep problems in childhood and borderline personality disorder symptoms in early adolescence. Lereya, S. T., Winsper, C., Tang, N. K., & Wolke, D. (2017). Journal of abnormal child psychology, 45(1), 193-206. learn more
Sleep and borderline personality disorder: A review. Hafizi, S. (2013). Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(6), 452–459. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2013.06.016
Borderline personality pathology, polysomnography, and self-reported sleep problems: a review. Oltmanns, J. R., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2015). Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 1(2), 141-149. learn more
Sleep quality in borderline personality disorder: a cross-sectional study. Sansone, R. A., Edwards, H. C., & Forbis, J. S. (2010). Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry, 12(5). learn more
Chronic sleep disturbances and BPD symptoms. Selby, E. A. (2013). Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 81(5), 941. learn more
Sleep-wake patterns of adolescents with borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder. Huỳnh, C., Guilé, J. M., Breton, J. J., & Godbout, R. (2016). Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(2), 202-214. learn more
The sleep phenotype of Borderline Personality Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Winsper, C., Tang, N. K., Marwaha, S., Lereya, S. T., Gibbs, M., Thompson, A., & Singh, S. P. (2017). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 73, 48-67. learn more
Sleep disturbances and circadian CLOCK genes in borderline personality disorder. Fleischer, M., Schäfer, M., Coogan, A., Häßler, F., & Thome, J. (2012). Journal of Neural Transmission, 119(10), 1105-1110. learn more
Sleep and next-day negative affect and suicidal ideation in borderline personality disorder. Kaurin, A., Hisler, G., Dombrovski, A. Y., Hallquist, M. N., & Wright, A. G. (2021). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment.
Alexithymia
Alexithymia in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Loas, G., Speranza, M., Pham-Scottez, A., Perez-Diaz, F., & Corcos, M. (2012). Journal of psychosomatic research, 72(2), 147-152. learn more
The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: “Actions instead of words”. Sleuwaegen, E., Houben, M., Claes, L., Berens, A., & Sabbe, B. (2017). Comprehensive psychiatry, 77, 80-88. learn more
Contrasting metacognitive, social cognitive and alexithymia profiles in adults with BPD schizophrenia and substance use disorder.Lysaker, P. H., George, S., Chaudoin–Patzoldt, K. A., Pec, O., Bob, P., Leonhardt, B. L.& Dimaggio, G. (2017). Psychiatry Research, 257, 393-399. learn more
Empathy and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: clinical and laboratory measures. New, A. S., Rot, M. A. H., Ripoll, L. H., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., Lazarus, S., Zipursky, E., ... & Siever, L. J. (2012). Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(5), 660-675. learn more
Alexithymia as a mediator between attachment and the development of borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Deborde, A. S., Miljkovitch, R., Roy, C., Dugré-Le Bigre, C., Pham-Scottez, A., Speranza, M., & Corcos, M. (2012). Journal of personality disorders, 26(5), 676-688. learn more
A meta-analysis on the association between emotional awareness and borderline personality pathology. Derks, Y. P., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017). Journal of personality disorders, 31(3), 362-384. learn more
Predicting Borderline Personality Features on the Basis of Alexithymia and Attitude toward Mother. Sajadi, S. F., Zargar, Y., Khodahemati, M., Sahraeeyan, Z., & Sajadi, S. F. (2015). Razavi International Journal of Medicine, 3(2). learn more
Cortical inhibition in alexithymic patients with borderline personality disorder. Lang, S., Stopsack, M., Kotchoubey, B., Frick, C., Grabe, H. J., Spitzer, C., & Barnow, S. (2011). Biological psychology, 88(2-3), 227-232. learn more
Empathy, Alexithymia, and Theory of Mind in Borderline Personality Disorder. Kiliç, F., Demirdas, A., Isik, Ü., Akkus, M., Atay, I. M., & Kuzugüdenlioglu, D. (2020). The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 208(9), 736-741. learn more
Identification of mental states and interpersonal functioning in borderline personality disorder. Berenson, K. R., Dochat, C., Martin, C. G., Yang, X., Rafaeli, E., & Downey, G. (2018). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(2), 172. learn more
Memory Deficits
Autobiographical memories of interpersonal trust in borderline personality disorder. Botsford, J., & Renneberg, B. (2020). Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 7(1), 1-10. learn more
Recovered memories. Loftus, E. F., & Davis, D. (2006). Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 2, 469-498. learn more
Enhanced emotion-induced amnesia in borderline personality disorder. Hurlemann, R., Hawellek, B., Maier, W., & Dolan, R. J. (2007). Psychological medicine, 37(7), 971-981. learn more
Executive neurocognition, memory systems, and borderline personality disorder. Fertuck, E. A., Lenzenweger, M. F., Clarkin, J. F., Hoermann, S., & Stanley, B. (2006). Clinical Psychology Review, 26(3), 346-375. learn more
Impaired memory for cooperative interaction partners in borderline personality disorder. Niedtfeld, I., & Kroneisen, M. (2020). Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 7(1), 1-9. learn more
Self and identity in borderline personality disorder: Agency and mental time travel. Gold, N., & Kyratsous, M. (2017). Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 23(5), 1020-1028. learn more
Reduced self-referential source memory performance is associated with interpersonal dysfunction in borderline personality disorder. Minzenberg, M. J., Fisher-Irving, M., Poole, J. H., & Vinogradov, S. (2006). Journal of personality disorders, 20(1), 42-54. learn more
Autobiographical memories, identity disturbance and brain functioning in patients with borderline personality disorder: An fMRI study. Bozzatello, P., Morese, R., Valentini, M. C., Rocca, P., Bosco, F., & Bellino, S. (2019). Heliyon, 5(3), e01323. learn more
Impaired memory for cooperative interaction partners in borderline personality disorder. Niedtfeld, I., & Kroneisen, M. (2020). Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 7(1), 1-9. learn more
When bad gets worse: Negative wording amplifies negative recall in persons with the borderline personality trait. Maraz, A., Nagy, T., & Ziegler, M. (2021). Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 274-285. learn more
Emotions and memory in borderline personality disorder. Winter, D., Elzinga, B., & Schmahl, C. (2014). Psychopathology, 47(2), 71-85. learn more
Facial Recognition Difficulties
Perceptual biases in facial emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder. Daros, A. R., Uliaszek, A. A., & Ruocco, A. C. (2014). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(1), 79. learn more
Negative bias in fast emotion discrimination in borderline personality disorder. Dyck, M., Habel, U., Slodczyk, J., Schlummer, J., Backes, V., Schneider, F., & Reske, M. (2009). Psychological medicine, 39(5), 855-864. learn more
Facial emotion processing in borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mitchell, A. E., Dickens, G. L., & Picchioni, M. M. (2014). Neuropsychology review, 24(2), 166-184. learn more
Facial emotion perception in borderline personality disorder: differential neural activation to ambiguous and threatening expressions and links to impairments in self and interpersonal functioning. Wrege, J. S., Ruocco, A. C., Carcone, D., Lang, U. E., Lee, A. C., & Walter, M. (2021). Journal of affective disorders, 284, 126-135. learn more
Difficulties Feeling Connection
Loneliness, social isolation and their difference: a cross-diagnostic study in persistent depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder. Nenov-Matt, T., Barton, B. B., Dewald-Kaufmann, J., Goerigk, S., Rek, S., Zentz, K., ... & Reinhard, M. A. (2020). Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1467.Learn More
Out of the frying pan, into the fire: Mixed affective reactions to social proximity in borderline and avoidant personality disorders in daily life. Gadassi, R., Snir, A., Berenson, K., Downey, G., & Rafaeli, E. (2014). Journal of abnormal psychology, 123(3), 613.
Impaired Decision Making
Neurocognitive deficits in decision-making and planning of patients with DSM-III-R borderline personality disorder. Bazanis, E., Rogers, R. D., Dowson, J. H., Taylor, P., Meux, C., Staley, C., ... & Sahakian, B. J. (2002). Psychological medicine, 32(8), 1395-1405. learn more
Impaired decision making and feedback evaluation in borderline personality disorder. Schuermann, B., Kathmann, N., Stiglmayr, C., Renneberg, B., & Endrass, T. (2011). Psychological medicine, 41(9), 1917-1927. learn more
Reduced risk avoidance and altered neural correlates of feedback processing in patients with borderline personality disorder. Endrass, T., Schuermann, B., Roepke, S., Kessler-Scheil, S., & Kathmann, N. (2016). Psychiatry Research, 243, 14-22. learn more
Oscillatory responses to reward processing in borderline personality disorder. Andreou, C., Kleinert, J., Steinmann, S., Fuger, U., Leicht, G., & Mulert, C. (2015). The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 16(8), 575-586. learn more
Disadvantageous decision-making in borderline personality disorder: Partial support from a meta-analytic review. Paret, C., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., & Schmahl, C. (2017). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 72, 301-309. learn more
Affective decision making in women with borderline personality disorder. LeGris, J., Toplak, M., & Links, P. S. (2014). Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(5), 698-719. learn more
Risky decision-making in borderline personality disorder. Svaldi, J., Philipsen, A., & Matthies, S. (2012). Psychiatry Research, 197(1-2), 112-118. learn more
Inconsistency and social decision making in patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. Preuss, N., Brändle, L. S., Hager, O. M., Haynes, M., Fischbacher, U., & Hasler, G. (2016). Psychiatry research, 243, 115-122. learn more
Aberrant computational mechanisms of social learning and decision-making in schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder. Henco, L., Diaconescu, A. O., Lahnakoski, J. M., Brandi, M. L., Hörmann, S., Hennings, J., ... & Mathys, C. (2020). PLoS computational biology, 16(9), e1008162. learn more
Consider others better than yourself: Social decision-making and partner preference in borderline personality disorder. Jeung, H., Vollmann, M., Herpertz, S. C., & Schwieren, C. (2020). Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 67, 101436. learn more
No Sense of Connection
Loneliness, social isolation and their difference: a cross-diagnostic study in persistent depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder. Nenov-Matt, T., Barton, B. B., Dewald-Kaufmann, J., Goerigk, S., Rek, S., Zentz, K., ... & Reinhard, M. A. (2020). Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1467. learn more
Out of the frying pan, into the fire: Mixed affective reactions to social proximity in borderline and avoidant personality disorders in daily life. Gadassi, R., Snir, A., Berenson, K., Downey, G., & Rafaeli, E. (2014). Journal of abnormal psychology, 123(3), 613. learn more
Trust deficits
Oxytocin and reduction of social threat hypersensitivity in women with borderline personality disorder. Bertsch, K., Gamer, M., Schmidt, B., Schmidinger, I., Walther, S., Kästel, T., ... & Herpertz, S. C. (2013). American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(10), 1169-1177. learn more
The neural mechanisms and circuitry of the pair bond. Walum H, Young LJ.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018 Nov;19(11):643-654. doi: 10.1038/s41583-018-0072-6.PMID: 30301953 Free PMC article. Review.learn more