TARA4BPD Guide to Reading Research Articles
Don’t Be Intimidated! You are smart, you can do hard things!
1 Abstract
The Abstract, also known ask, “summary” or “overview” is a one paragraph summary of the aim of the research and the major aspects of the entire paper. Generally, what the problem is and what they plan to study and why. In other words, the hypothesis. It will help you determine how relevant the article is and provide more detail to help you decide if the article will be worth your time.
2 .Introduction
Introduces the topic and provides the rationale for the study. It will give you insight into the authors thinking about a topic and the reason they conducted the study. It will give you some sense of some past research in this area. Gives the reader an idea for why the topic is important to study.
3. Method
Explains the method used to test the hypothesis or to help answer the research questions. This section will include information from all participants, the measures or materials used int the study, and the procedures of the study. This is generally complicated, and you can skip reading.
4 Analysis
Usually mathematical and statistical analysis of the results. You can skip this unless you are a statistics whiz!
5. Results
This section is the most technical and most difficult to understand. It contains the results of the analysis used to test the hypotheses or help answer the research questions. You can also examine means, percentages, tables, graphs, and other numbers in this section. You can skip it.
6. Discussion
The discussion section also known as the “conclusion” will begin with an explanation of the results without the technical language. It will also put the results into context. It explains larger implications and applications of the study and offer suggestions for future research. Generally, it is an overview of -----------------------
Hypervigilance
Hypervigilance in patients with borderline personality disorder: specificity, automaticity, and predictors. Sieswerda, S., Arntz, A., Mertens, I., & Vertommen, S. (2007). . Behaviour research and therapy, 45(5), 1011-1024. Learn more
Successful psychotherapy reduces hypervigilance in borderline personality disorder. Sieswerda, S., Arntz, A., & Kindt, M. (2007). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35(4), 387-402. Learn More
Hypervigilance in borderline disorder: a test with the emotional Stroop paradigm. Arntz, A., Appels, C., & Sieswerda, S. (2000). Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(4), 366-373. Learn More
Response inhibition, cognitive flexibility and hypervigilance in adolescents with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Asadi-Rajani, M., Parviz, &, & Daramadi, S. (2024). Journal of Research in Psychopathology, 5(16), 1–11. Learn more
Loneliness and Hypervigilance to Social Threats in Adults - CLOK - Central Lancashire Online Knowledge. Bangee, M. (2016). Learn more
Hypervigilance in college students: Associations with betrayal and dissociation and psychometric properties in a Brief Hypervigilance Scale. Bernstein, R. E., Delker, B. C., Knight, J. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2015). Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(5), 448–455. Learn more
Hypervigilance and pain: The role of bodily threat. Bulcke, C. vanden. (2015).
The Unpredictive Brain Under Threat: A Neurocomputational Account of Anxious Hypervigilance. Cornwell, B. R., Garrido, M. I., Overstreet, C., Pine, D. S., & Grillon, C. (2017). Biological Psychiatry, 82(6), 447–454. Learn more
HYPERVIGILANCE, DISSOCIATION, AND THE DETECTION OF RISK. Diego, S., Liliana Higgins, by, Dalenberg, C., Veronica Perez, C., Ford Rosenfarb, I., E V I E W Hypervigilance, P. R., & ii, D. (2022). Learn more
Effects of context and individual predispositions on hypervigilance to pain-cues: an ERP study. Dittmar, O., Baum, C., Schneider, R., & Lautenbacher, S. (2015). Journal of Pain Research, 8, 507. Learn more
Hypervigilance to Rejecting Stimuli in Rejection Sensitive Individuals: Behavioral and Neurocognitive Evidence. Ehrlich, K. B., Gerson, S. A., Vanderwert, R. E., Cannon, E. N., & Fox, N. A. (2015). Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 7. Learn more
Can self-affirmation reduce narcissistic hypervigilance to self-threat? Hardaker, M., & Tsakanikos, E. (2022). Personality and Individual Differences, 199, 111835. Learn more
Perceptual amplification following sustained attention: implications for hypervigilance. Hollins, M., & Athans, L. (2021). Experimental Brain Research, 239(1), 279–288. Learn more
Experimental hypervigilance changes the intensity/unpleasantness ratio of pressure sensations: evidence for the generalized hypervigilance hypothesis. Hollins, M., & Walters, S. (2016). Experimental Brain Research, 234(6), 1377–1384. Learn more
Hypervigilance during anxiety and selective attention during fear: Using steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) to disentangle attention mechanisms during predictable and unpredictable threat. Kastner-Dorn, A. K., Andreatta, M., Pauli, P., & Wieser, M. J. (2018). Cortex, 106, 120–131. Learn more
Early hypervigilance and later avoidance: Event-related potentials track the processing of threatening stimuli in anxiety. Kausche, F. M., Härpfer, K., Carsten, H. P., Kathmann, N., & Riesel, A. (2022). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 158, 104181. Learn more
Loneliness and Hypervigilance to Social Cues in Females: An Eye-Tracking Study. Lodder, G. M. A., Scholte, R. H. J., Clemens, I. A. H., Engels, R. C. M. E., Goossens, L., & Verhagen, M. (2015). PLoS ONE, 10(4). Learn more
Delusions as Epistemic Hypervigilance. McKay, R., & Mercier, H. (2023). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 32(2), 125–130. Learn more
Face Perception in Social Anxiety: Visuocortical Dynamics Reveal Propensities for Hypervigilance or Avoidance. McTeague, L. M., Laplante, M. C., Bulls, H. W., Shumen, J. R., Lang, P. J., & Keil, A. (2018). Biological Psychiatry, 83(7), 618. Learn more
State loneliness is associated with emotional hypervigilance in daily life: A network analysis. Meng, J., Wang, X., Wei, D., & Qiu, J. (2020). Personality and Individual Differences, 165, 110154. Learn more
Exploring the function of selective attention and hypervigilance for threat in anxiety. Richards, H. J., Benson, V., Donnelly, N., & Hadwin, J. A. (2014). Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 1–13. Learn more
Emotion and hypervigilance: negative affect predicts increased P1 responses to non-negative pictorial stimuli. Schomberg, J., Schöne, B., Gruber, T., & Quirin, M. (2016). Experimental Brain Research, 234(6), 1395–1402. Learn more
Hypervigilance to pain affects activities of daily living: an examination using the Japanese version of the pain vigilance awareness questionnaire. Shigetoh, H. (2017). Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29(12), 2094. Learn more
Aversive contexts enhance defensive responses to conditioned threat. Stegmann, Y., Paulus, J., Wieser, M. J., & Gamer, M. (2024). Psychophysiology, e14626. Learn more
Hypervigilance Strikes a Balance Between External and Internal Attention: Behavioral and Modeling Evidence From the Switching Attention Task. Wang, N., Verschooren, S., Vermeylen, L., Grahek, I., & Pourtois, G. (2024). PsyArXiv. Learn more
Anxious and alert? Hypervigilance in social anxiety disorder. Wermes, R., Lincoln, T. M., & Helbig-Lang, S. (2018). Psychiatry Research, 269, 740–745. Learn more
Hypervigilance-avoidance in children with anxiety disorders: magnetoencephalographic evidence. Wessing, I., Romer, G., & Junghöfer, M. (2017). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(1), 103–112. Learn more
The effects of anxiety sensitivity, pain hypervigilance, and pain catastrophizing on quality of life outcomes of patients with chronic pain: a preliminary, cross-sectional analysis. Wong, W. S., Lam, H. M., Chow, Y. F., Chen, P. P., Lim, H. S., Wong, S., & Fielding, R. (2014). Quality of Life Research : An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 23(8), 2333–2341. Learn more
Hypervigilance. Zawilinski, L. (2020). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 2101–2103. Learn more
Information overload’s double-edged sword effect on sense of safety: Examining the moderating role of hypervigilance. Zhang, W., You, Y., Wang, L., Liu, W., & Zhang, X. (2023). Stress and Health, 39(3), 539–552. Learn more
Hypersensitivity
A comprehensive evaluation of emotional responsiveness in borderline personality disorder: a support for hypersensitivity hypothesis. Bortolla, R., Cavicchioli, M., Galli, M., Verschure, P. F., & Maffei, C. (2019). Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 6(1), 8. Learn more
Negative bias and reduced visual information processing of socio-emotional context in borderline personality disorder: A support for the hypersensitivity hypothesis. Bortolla, R., Galli, M., Ramella, P., Sirtori, F., Visintini, R., & Maffei, C. (2020). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 69, 101589. Learn more
Negative bias and reduced visual information processing of socio-emotional context in borderline Personality Disorder: A support for the hypersensitivity hypothesis. Bortolla, R., Galli, M., Ramella, P., Sirtori, F., Visintini, R., & Maffei, C. (2020). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 69, 101589. Learn more
Christophi, S. (2024). https://doi.org/10.18745/TH.27765
Assessing Hypersensitivity to Difference in Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults. Initial Evidence for the Hypersensitivity Hypothesis: Emotional Intelligence as a Magnifier of Emotional Experience. Fiori, M., & Ortony, A. (2021). Journal of Intelligence 2021, Vol. 9, Page 24, 9(2), 24. Learn more
With Great Sensitivity Comes Great Management: How Emotional Hypersensitivity Can Be the Superpower of Emotional Intelligence. Fiori, M., Vesely-Maillefer, A. K., Nicolet-Dit-Félix, M., & Gillioz, C. (2023). Journal of Intelligence 2023, Vol. 11, Page 198, 11(10), 198. Learn more
The Interpersonal Hypersensitivity Formulation of Good Psychiatric Management as a Psychoeducational Intervention for Borderline Personality Disorder. Greiner, C., Charbon, P., de Néris, M., el Rassi, L., Prada, P., & Choi-Kain, L. (2024). Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 30(3), 220–226. Learn more
Autism, hypersensitivity and language ability. Kyuchukov, H., & Ackermann, M. (2023). East European Journal of Psycholinguistic, 10(2), 62–72. Learn more
Development of a Hypersensitivity Evaluation Method for Cultured Sensory Neurons Using Electrical Activity Recording. Miyahara, Y., Shimba, K., Kotani, K., & Jimbo, Y. (2023). Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS. Learn more
Hypersensitivity in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Sena, B. U., & Barros, T. de S. (2024). Health of Tomorrow: Innovations and Academic Research. Learn more
Anxiety
Anxiety information: What do people want and what is out there? Bernstein, M. T. (2020). Learn more
What is top-down about seeing enemies? Social anxiety and attention to threat. Delchau, H. L., Christensen, B. K., O’Kearney, R., & Goodhew, S. C. (2020). Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 82(4), 1779–1792. Learn more
Dynamics Among Borderline Personality and Anxiety Features in Psychotherapy Outpatients: An Exploration of Nomothetic and Idiographic Patterns. Ellison, W. D., Levy, K. N., Newman, M. G., Pincus, A. L., Wilson, S. J., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2019). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Learn more
Mental Health, Deprivation, and the Neighborhood Environment: What Is the Impact of Loneliness and Social Anxiety? Eres, R., Harrington, K. D., & Lim, M. H. (2019). Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/2167702619868736, 8(2), 384–385. Learn more
Men’s anxiety, why it matters, and what is needed to limit its risk for male suicide. Fisher, K., Seidler, Z. E., King, K., Oliffe, J. L., Robertson, S., & Rice, S. M. (2022). Discover Psychology 2022 2:1, 2(1), 1–7. Learn more
Anxiety disorder: definition, symptoms, causes, epidemiology and treatments. Gautam, P., Mittal, P., Gautam, S., Rawat, V., & Liu, N. (2022). Food and Health, 4(4), 18. Learn more
What is the difference between anxiety and stress? Gordon, M. (2023). The Press (York, England), NA-NA. Learn more
The significance of anxiety symptoms in predicting psychosocial functioning across borderline personality traits. Howard, J., de Jesu’s-Romero, R., Peipert, A., Riley, T., Rutter, L. A., & Lorenzo-Luaces, L. (2021). PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245099. Learn more
Q: What Is the Recipe for Defense? A: Threat, Anxiety, and Approach Motivation. Klackl, J., Lüders, A., & Jonas, E. (2024). Motivation Science, 10(1), 63–77. Learn more
Effect of Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Negative Affect, and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder during COVID-19 Pandemic. Malas, O., & Gómez-Domenech, A. (2024). Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024, Vol. 13, Page 2603, 13(9), 2603. Learn more
What Is the Biological Mechanism of Chronic Anxiety? | CCspace. Mand, T. M. C. (2021). Learn more
Adolescent mentalizing and childhood emotional abuse: implications for depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder features. Martin-Gagnon, G., Normandin, L., Fonagy, P., & Ensink, K. (2023). Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1237735. Learn more
Self-image and self-focused attention in a social interaction situation: What is relevant for social anxiety? Meral, Y., & Vriends, N. (2022). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 50(3), 269–279. Learn more
The comorbidity between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Qadeer Shah, A., Prasad, D., Caropreso, L., Frey, B. N., & de Azevedo Cardoso, T. (2023). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 164, 304–314. Learn more
Rejection Sensitivity and Borderline Personality Disorder Features: The Mediating Roles of Attachment Anxiety, Need to Belong, and Self-Criticism. Sato, M., Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2020). Https://Doi.Org/10.1521/Pedi_2019_33_397, 34(2), 273–288. Learn more
What is the relation between stress, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty? Weist, F. (2020). Learn more
Alexithymia
Alexithymia in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Loas, G., Speranza, M., Pham-Scottez, A., Perez-Diaz, F., & Corcos, M. (2012). Journal of psychosomatic research, 72(2), 147-152. Learn more
The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder:“Actions instead of words”. Sleuwaegen, E., Houben, M., Claes, L., Berens, A., & Sabbe, B. (2017). Comprehensive psychiatry, 77, 80-88. Learn more
Contrasting metacognitive, social cognitive and alexithymia profiles in adults with borderline personality disorder, schizophrenia and substance use disorder. Lysaker, P. H., George, S., Chaudoin–Patzoldt, K. A., Pec, O., Bob, P., Leonhardt, B. L., ... & Dimaggio, G. (2017). Psychiatry Research, 257, 393-399. Learn more
Empathy and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: clinical and laboratory measures. New, A. S., Rot, M. A. H., Ripoll, L. H., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., Lazarus, S., Zipursky, E., ... & Siever, L. J. (2012). Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(5), 660-675. Learn more
Alexithymia as a mediator between attachment and the development of borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Deborde, A. S., Miljkovitch, R., Roy, C., Dugré-Le Bigre, C., Pham-Scottez, A., Speranza, M., & Corcos, M. (2012). Journal of personality disorders, 26(5), 676-688. learn more
A meta-analysis on the association between emotional awareness and borderline personality pathology. Derks, Y. P., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017). Journal of personality disorders, 31(3), 362-384. Learn more
Predicting Borderline Personality Features on the Basis of Alexithymia and Attitude toward Mother. Sajadi, S. F., Zargar, Y., Khodahemati, M., Sahraeeyan, Z., & Sajadi, S. F. (2015). Razavi International Journal of Medicine, 3(2). Learn more
Cortical inhibition in alexithymic patients with borderline personality disorder. Lang, S., Stopsack, M., Kotchoubey, B., Frick, C., Grabe, H. J., Spitzer, C., & Barnow, S. (2011). . Biological psychology, 88(2-3), 227-232. Learn more
Empathy, Alexithymia, and Theory of Mind in Borderline Personality Disorder. Kiliç, F., Demirdas, A., Isik, Ü., Akkus, M., Atay, I. M., & Kuzugüdenlioglu, D. (2020). The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 208(9), 736-741. Learn more
Identification of mental states and interpersonal functioning in borderline personality disorder. Berenson, K. R., Dochat, C., Martin, C. G., Yang, X., Rafaeli, E., & Downey, G. (2018). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(2), 172. Learn more
Does alexithymia mediate the association between borderline personality pathology and non-suicidal self-injury? Brumme, L. I. (2019). Learn more
Alexithymia, Affective Lability, Impulsivity, and Childhood Adversity in Borderline Personality Disorder. Edwards, E. R., Rose, N. L. J., Gromatsky, M., Feinberg, A., Kimhy, D., Doucette, J. T., Goodman, M., McClure, M. M., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., New, A. S., & Hazlett, E. A. (2021). Https://Doi.Org/10.1521/Pedi_2021_35_513, 35, 114–131. Learn more
Empathy, Alexithymia, and Theory of Mind in Borderline Personality Disorder. Kiliç, F., Demirdaş, A., Işik, Ü., Akkuş, M., Atay, İ. M., & Kuzugüdenlioǧlu, D. (2020). Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 208(9), 736–741. Learn more
Self-disgust in patients with borderline personality disorder. The associations with alexithymia, emotion dysregulation, and comorbid psychopathology. Kot, E., Kostecka, B., Radoszewska, J., & Kucharska, K. (2023). Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 10(1), 1–13. Learn more
Alexithymia 3.0: Reimagining alexithymia from a medical perspective. Lane, R. D. (2020). BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 14(1), 1–8. Learn more
Affective agnosia: A core affective processing deficit in the alexithymia spectrum. Lane, R. D., Solms, M., Weihs, K. L., Hishaw, A., & Smith, R. (2020). BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 14(1), 1–14. Learn more
Is the concept of affective agnosia a useful addition to the alexithymia literature? Lane, R. D., Solms, M., Weihs, K. L., Hishaw, A., & Smith, R. (2021). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 127, 747–748. Learn more
The Association of Borderline Personality Features and Self-Injury Among Adolescents with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia. Liu, J., Zhao, K., Kang, W., Tong, S., Xu, Y., Jin, W., Qiao, M., Li, Y., Hong, L., Yao, K., & Zheng, T. (2023). Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 1741–1754. Learn more
The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: “Actions instead of words.” Sleuwaegen, E., Houben, M., Claes, L., Berens, A., & Sabbe, B. (2017). Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 80–88. Learn more
Oxytocin and Trust Deficits
Oxytocin and reduction of social threat hypersensitivity in women with borderline personality disorder. Bertsch, K., Gamer, M., Schmidt, B., Schmidinger, I., Walther, S., Kästel, T., ... & Herpertz, S. C. (2013). American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(10), 1169-1177. Learn more
Decreased oxytocin plasma levels and oxytocin receptor expression in borderline personality disorder. Carrasco, J. L., Buenache, E., MacDowell, K. S., de la Vega, I., López-Villatoro, J. M., Moreno, B., Díaz-Marsá, M., & Leza, J. C. (2020). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142(4), 319–325. Learn more
Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior. Froemke, R. C., & Young, L. J. (2021). Annual Review of Neuroscience, 44(Volume 44, 2021), 359–381. Learn more
Decreased oxytocin levels related to social cognition impairment in borderline personality disorder. Galvez-Merlin, A., López-Villatoro, J. M., de la Higuera-González, P., de la Torre-Luque, A., McDowell, K., Díaz-Marsá, M., Leza, J. C., & Carrasco, J. L. (2024). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 149(6), 458–466. Learn more
Oxytocin receptors are widely distributed in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) brain: Relation to social behavior, genetic polymorphisms, and the dopamine system. Inoue, K., Ford, C. L., Horie, K., & Young, L. J. (2022). Journal of Comparative Neurology, 530(16), 2881–2900. Learn more
Role of Oxytocin in the Pathogenesis and Modulation of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review. Jawad, M. Y., Ahmad, B., & Hashmi, A. M. (2021). Cureus, 13(2). Learn more
The Relationship Between the Oxytocin Level and Rejection Sensitivity, Childhood Traumas, and Attachment Styles in Borderline Personality Disorder. Kartal, F., Uğur, K., Mete, B., Demirkol, M. E., & Tamam, L. (2022). Psychiatry Investigation, 19(3), 239. Learn more
DEVELOPMENT OF A GENETICALLY-ENCODED OXYTOCIN SENSOR TO DEFINE THE ROLE OF OXYTOCIN IN PREDICTING SOCIAL REWARD. Mignocchi, N. L. (2020). Learn more
Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: From Neural Circuits to Clinical Opportunities. Rigney, N., de Vries, G. J., Petrulis, A., & Young, L. J. (2022). Endocrinology, 163, 1–13. Learn more
What is Oxytocin? Solanki, A. (2024). Learn more
Potential therapeutic possibility of oxytocin for borderline personality disorder. Vancova, Z. (2021). Psychiatric Annals, 51(3), 141–146. Learn more
Comparative Perspectives on the Function of Oxytocin in Fish and Mammals. Yokoi, S., Young, L. J., & Takeuchi, H. (2022). Spectrum of Sex: The Molecular Bases That Induce Various Sexual Phenotypes, 135–150. Learn more
Self-referential Processing
Negative evaluation bias for positive self-referential information in borderline personality disorder. Winter, D., Herbert, C., Koplin, K., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2015). PLoS One, 10(1), e0117083. Learn more
Electrocortical reactivity during self-referential processing in female youth with borderline personality disorder. Auerbach, R. P., Tarlow, N., Bondy, E., Stewart, J. G., Aguirre, B., Kaplan, C., ... & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2016). Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 1(4), 335-344. Learn more
The Modulating Role of Self-Referential Stimuli and Processes in the Effect of Stress and Negative Emotion on Inhibition Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: Proposition of a Model to Integrate the Self-Concept and Inhibition Processes. Gagnon, J., Aldebert, J., Saleh, G., & Kim, W. S. (2019). Brain sciences, 9(4), 77. Learn more
Self–other distinction and borderline personality disorder features: Evidence for egocentric and altercentric bias in a self–other facial morphing task. De Meulemeester, C., Lowyck, B., Panagiotopoulou, E., Fotopoulou, A., & Luyten, P. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Learn more
Evaluation and memory of social events in borderline personality disorder: effects of valence and self-referential context. Winter, D., Koplin, K., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2016).Psychiatry research, 240, 19-25. Learn more
Reduced neural differentiation between self-referential cognitive and emotional processes in women with borderline personality disorder. Scherpiet, S., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Scheerer, H., Habermeyer, V., Jäncke, L., & Brühl, A. B. (2015). Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 233(3), 314-323. Learn more
Self and identity in borderline personality disorder: Agency and mental time travel. Gold, N., & Kyratsous, M. (2017). Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 23(5), 1020-1028. Learn more
Reduced self-referential source memory performance is associated with interpersonal dysfunction in borderline personality disorder. Minzenberg, M. J., Fisher-Irving, M., Poole, J. H., & Vinogradov, S. (2006).Journal of personality disorders, 20(1), 42-54. Learn more
Neuroimaging the traumatized self: fMRI reveals altered response in cortical midline structures and occipital cortex during visual and verbal self-and other-referential processing in women with PTSD. Frewen, P., Thornley, E., Rabellino, D., & Lanius, R. (2017). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), 1314164. Learn more
Ruminative and mindful self-focused attention in borderline personality disorder. Sauer, S. E., & Baer, R. A. (2012). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(4), 433. Learn more
Attentional Bias To Negative
negative bias in decoding positive social cues characterizes emotion processing in patients with symptom-remitted borderline personality disorder. Kleindienst, N., Hauschild, S., Liebke, L., Thome, J., Bertsch, K., Hensel, S., & Lis, S. (2019. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 6(1), 1-9. Learn more
Negativity on two sides: Individuals with borderline personality disorder form negative first impressions of others and are perceived negatively by them. Hepp, J., Kieslich, P. J., Schmitz, M., Schmahl, C., & Niedtfeld, I. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Learn More
Attentional bias for emotional stimuli in borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis. Kaiser, D., Jacob, G. A., Domes, G., & Arntz, A. (2016). Psychopathology, 49(6), 383-396. Lean More
Attentional bias in later stages of emotional information processing in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder von Ceumern-Lindenstjerna, I. A., Brunner, R., Parzer, P., Mundt, C., Fiedler, P., & Resch, F. (2010).. Psychopathology, 43(1), 25-32. Learn more
Facial trust appraisal negatively biased in borderline personality disorder. Fertuck, E. A., Grinband, J., & Stanley, B. (2013). Psychiatry research, 207(3), 195-202. Learn more
Attentional bias to personally relevant words in borderline personality disorder is strongly related to comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. Wingenfeld, K., Mensebach, C., Rullkoetter, N., Schlosser, N., Schaffrath, C., Woermann, F. G., ... & Beblo, T. (2009). Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(2), 141-155. Learn more
Negative bias and reduced visual information processing of socio-emotional context in borderline personality disorder: A support for the hypersensitivity hypothesis. Bortolla, R., Galli, M., Ramella, P., Sirtori, F., Visintini, R., & Maffei, C. (2020). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 69, 101589. Learn more
When bad gets worse: Negative wording amplifies negative recall in persons with the borderline personality trait. Maraz, A., Nagy, T., & Ziegler, M. (2021). Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 274-285. Learn more
Borderline personality features as a potential moderator of the effect of anger and depressive rumination on shame, self-blame, and self-forgiveness. Law, K. C., & Chapman, A. L. (2015). Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 46, 27-34. Learn more
A negative bias in decoding positive social cues characterizes emotion processing in patients with symptom-remitted borderline personality disorder. Kleindienst, N., Hauschild, S., Liebke, L., Thome, J., Bertsch, K., Hensel, S., & Lis, S. (2019). Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 6(1), 1-9. Learn more
Action to Escape Aversive
Associations of emotional arousal, dissociation and symptom severity with operant conditioning in borderline personality disorder. Paret, C., Hoesterey, S., Kleindienst, N., & Schmahl, C. (2016). Psychiatry research, 244, 194-201. Learn more
The impact of stimulus arousal level on emotion regulation effectiveness in borderline personality disorder. Fitzpatrick, S., & Kuo, J. R. (2016). Psychiatry research, 241, 242-248. Learn more
Potentiated amygdala response to repeated emotional pictures in borderline personality disorder. Hazlett, E. A., Zhang, J., New, A. S., Zelmanova, Y., Goldstein, K. E., Haznedar, M. M., ... & Chu, K. W. (2012). Biological psychiatry, 72(6), 448-456. Learn more
Emotional vulnerability in borderline personality disorder is cue specific and modulated by traumatization. Limberg, A., Barnow, S., Freyberger, H. J., & Hamm, A. O. (2011). Biological psychiatry, 69(6), 574-582. Learn more
Limited Distress Tolerance
Distress tolerance moderates the relationship between negative affect intensity with borderline personality disorder levels. Bornovalova, M. A., Matusiewicz, A., & Rojas, E. (2011). Comprehensive psychiatry, 52(6), 744-753. Learn more
Inability to withstand present-moment experiences in borderline personality disorder: a meta-analytic review. Cavicchioli, M., Rugi, C., & Maffei, C. (2015). Clinical Neuropsychiatry, (4). Learn more
Relation of distress tolerance and self-compassion with symptoms of borderline personality in people with borderline personality disorder Referred to one of the military hospitals. Mohammadi, R., Khanjani, S., & Rajabi, M. (2015).Journal of Police Medicine, 4(3), 191-200. Learn more
Distress and affective dysregulation in patients with borderline personality disorder: A psychophysiological ambulatory monitoring study. Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Kuo, J., Schlotz, W., Kleindienst, N., Rosenthal, M. Z., Detterer, L., ... & Bohus, M. (2008). The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 196(4), 314-320. Learn more
Levels of distress tolerance in schizophrenia appear equivalent to those found in borderline personality disorder. Bonfils, K. A., & Lysaker, P. H. (2020). Journal of clinical psychology, 76(9), 1668-1676. Learn more
The interactive role of distress tolerance and borderline personality disorder in suicide attempts among substance users in residential treatment. Anestis, M. D., Gratz, K. L., Bagge, C. L., & Tull, M. T. (2012). Comprehensive psychiatry, 53(8), 1208-1216. Learn more
The emotional pain and distress of borderline personality disorder: A review of the literature. Holm, A. L., & Severinsson, E. (2008). International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 17(1), 27-35. learn more
Pain perception during self-reported distress and calmness in patients with borderline personality disorder and self-mutilating behavior. Bohus, M., Limberger, M., Ebner, U., Glocker, F. X., Schwarz, B., Wernz, M., & Lieb, K. (2000). Psychiatry research, 95(3), 251-260. learn more
An investigation of experiential avoidance, emotion dysregulation, and distress tolerance in young adult outpatients with borderline personality disorder symptoms. Iverson, K. M., Follette, V. M., Pistorello, J., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2012). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(4), 415. Learn More
Specific or transdiagnostic? The occurrence of emotions and their association with distress in the daily life of patients with borderline personality disorder compared to clinical and healthy controls. Kockler, T. D., Santangelo, P. S., Limberger, M. F., Bohus, M., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2020). Psychiatry research, 284, 112692. Learn more
Social Rejection
Biobehavioral reactivity to social evaluative stress in women with borderline personality disorder. Scott, L. N., Levy, K. N., & Granger, D. A. (2013). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(2), 91. learn more
Social disadvantage and borderline personality disorder: A study of social networks. Beeney, J. E., Hallquist, M. N., Clifton, A. D., Lazarus, S. A., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2018). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(1), 62. learn more
Rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder and the cognitive-affective personality system: a meta-analytic review. Cavicchioli, M., Maffei, C. (2020).Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(1), 1.
Rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder features: the mediating roles of attachment anxiety, need to belong, and self-criticism. Sato, M., Fonagy, P., Luyten, P. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(5), 273. Learn more
Examining the impact of online rejection among emerging adults with borderline personality pathology: Development of a novel online group chat social rejection paradigm. Richmond, J.R., Edmonds, K.A., Rose, J.P., Gratz, K.L. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(5), 301.
Trust and rejection sensitivity in personality disorders. Poggi, A., Richetin, J., & Preti, E. (2019). Current psychiatry reports, 21(8), 1-9. Learn more
Borderline personality disorder symptoms and affective responding to perceptions of rejection and acceptance from romantic versus nonromantic partners. Lazarus, S. A., Scott, L. N., Beeney, J. E., Wright, A. G., Stepp, S. D., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2018). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(3), 197. Learn more
Common neural responses to romantic rejection and acceptance in healthy adults. Hsu, D. T., Sankar, A., Malik, M. A., Langenecker, S. A., Mickey, B. J., & Love, T. M. (2020). Social Neuroscience, 15(5), 571-583. Learn more
The rejection–rage contingency in borderline personality disorder. Berenson, K. R., Downey, G., Rafaeli, E., Coifman, K. G., & Paquin, N. L. (2011). Journal of abnormal psychology, 120(3), 681. Learn more
Impulsivity. Berenson, K. R., Gregory, W. E., Glaser, E., Romirowsky, A., Rafaeli, E., Yang, X., & Downey, G. (2016). d Research, 40(4), 510-521. Learn more
Rejection sensitivity and disruption of attention by social threat cues. Berenson, K. R., Gyurak, A., Ayduk, Ö., Downey, G., Garner, M. J., Mogg, K., ... & Pine, D. S. (2009). Journal of research in personality, 43(6), 1064-1072. Learn more
Out of the frying pan, into the fire: Mixed affective reactions to social proximity in borderline and avoidant personality disorders in daily life. Gadassi, R., Snir, A., Berenson, K., Downey, G., & Rafaeli, E. (2014). Journal of abnormal psychology, 123(3), 613. Learn more
Shame
Daily shame and hostile irritability in adolescent girls with borderline personality disorder symptoms. Scott, L. N., Stepp, S. D., Hallquist, M. N., Whalen, D. J., Wright, A. G., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2015).Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(1), 53. Learn more
Shame and borderline personality features: The potential mediating role of anger and anger rumination. Peters, J. R., Geiger, P. J., Smart, L. M., & Baer, R. A. (2014). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(1), 1. Learn more
Expressed emotion, shame, and non-suicidal self-injury. Hack, J., & Martin, G. (2018). International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(5), 890. Learn more
Effects of shame induction in borderline personality disorder. Scheel, C. N., Schneid, E. M., Tuescher, O., Lieb, K., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Jacob, G. A. (2013). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(6), 1160-1168. Learn More
Shame as a prospective predictor of self-inflicted injury in borderline personality disorder: A multi-modal analysis. Brown, M. Z., Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Murray, A., & Chapman, A. L. (2009). Behaviour research and therapy, 47(10), 815-822. Learn more
Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder. Rüsch, N., Lieb, K., Göttler, I., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Richter, H., ... & Bohus, M. (2007). American journal of psychiatry, 164(3), 500-508. Learn more
Borderline personality disorder and self-conscious affect: Too much shame but not enough guilt?. Peters, J. R., & Geiger, P. J. (2016). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 303. Learn more
Neural basis of shame and guilt experience in women with borderline personality disorder. Göttlich, M., Westermair, A. L., Beyer, F., Bußmann, M. L., Schweiger, U., & Krämer, U. M. (2020). European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 270(8), 979-992. Learn more
Not Feeling a Sense of Belonging or Connection
Loneliness, social isolation and their difference: a cross-diagnostic study in persistent depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder. Nenov-Matt, T., Barton, B. B., Dewald-Kaufmann, J., Goerigk, S., Rek, S., Zentz, K., ... & Reinhard, M. A. (2020). Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1467. Learn more
Out of the frying pan, into the fire: Mixed affective reactions to social proximity in borderline and avoidant personality disorders in daily life. Gadassi, R., Snir, A., Berenson, K., Downey, G., & Rafaeli, E. (2014). Journal of abnormal psychology, 123(3), 613.
Doesn’t Perceive caring relationships
Difficulty with Ambiguity
Memory Deficits
Autobiographical memories of interpersonal trust in borderline personality disorder. Botsford, J., & Renneberg, B. (2020). Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 7(1), 1-10. Learn more
Recovered memories. Loftus, E. F., & Davis, D. (2006). Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 2, 469-498. Learn more
Enhanced emotion-induced amnesia in borderline personality disorder. Hurlemann, R., Hawellek, B., Maier, W., & Dolan, R. J. (2007). Psychological medicine, 37(7), 971-981. Learn more
Executive neurocognition, memory systems, and borderline personality disorder. Fertuck, E. A., Lenzenweger, M. F., Clarkin, J. F., Hoermann, S., & Stanley, B. (2006). Clinical Psychology Review, 26(3), 346-375. Learn more
Impaired memory for cooperative interaction partners in borderline personality disorder. Niedtfeld, I., & Kroneisen, M. (2020).Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 7(1), 1-9. Learn more
Self and identity in borderline personality disorder: Agency and mental time travel. Gold, N., & Kyratsous, M. (2017). Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 23(5), 1020-1028. Learn more
Reduced self-referential source memory performance is associated with interpersonal dysfunction in borderline personality disorder. Minzenberg, M. J., Fisher-Irving, M., Poole, J. H., & Vinogradov, S. (2006). Journal of personality disorders, 20(1), 42-54. Learn more
Autobiographical memories, identity disturbance and brain functioning in patients with borderline personality disorder: An fMRI study. Bozzatello, P., Morese, R., Valentini, M. C., Rocca, P., Bosco, F., & Bellino, S. (2019).Heliyon, 5(3), e01323. Learn more
Impaired memory for cooperative interaction partners in borderline personality disorder. Niedtfeld, I., & Kroneisen, M. (2020).Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 7(1), 1-9. Learn more
When bad gets worse: Negative wording amplifies negative recall in persons with the borderline personality trait. Maraz, A., Nagy, T., & Ziegler, M. (2021). Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 274-285. Learn more
Emotions and memory in borderline personality disorder. Winter, D., Elzinga, B., & Schmahl, C. (2014). Psychopathology, 47(2), 71-85. Learn more
Impaired Decision Making
Neurocognitive deficits in decision-making and planning of patients with DSM-III-R borderline personality disorder. Bazanis, E., Rogers, R. D., Dowson, J. H., Taylor, P., Meux, C., Staley, C., ... & Sahakian, B. J. (2002). Psychological medicine, 32(8), 1395-1405. learn more
Impaired decision making and feedback evaluation in borderline personality disorder. Schuermann, B., Kathmann, N., Stiglmayr, C., Renneberg, B., & Endrass, T. (2011). Psychological medicine, 41(9), 1917-1927. learn more
Reduced risk avoidance and altered neural correlates of feedback processing in patients with borderline personality disorder. Endrass, T., Schuermann, B., Roepke, S., Kessler-Scheil, S., & Kathmann, N. (2016). Psychiatry Research, 243, 14-22. learn more
Oscillatory responses to reward processing in borderline personality disorder. Andreou, C., Kleinert, J., Steinmann, S., Fuger, U., Leicht, G., & Mulert, C. (2015). The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 16(8), 575-586. learn more
Disadvantageous decision-making in borderline personality disorder: Partial support from a meta-analytic review. Paret, C., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., & Schmahl, C. (2017). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 72, 301-309. learn more
Affective decision making in women with borderline personality disorder. LeGris, J., Toplak, M., & Links, P. S. (2014). Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(5), 698-719. learn more
Risky decision-making in borderline personality disorder. Svaldi, J., Philipsen, A., & Matthies, S. (2012). Psychiatry Research, 197(1-2), 112-118. learn more
Inconsistency and social decision making in patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. Preuss, N., Brändle, L. S., Hager, O. M., Haynes, M., Fischbacher, U., & Hasler, G. (2016). Psychiatry research, 243, 115-122. learn more
Aberrant computational mechanisms of social learning and decision-making in schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder. Henco, L., Diaconescu, A. O., Lahnakoski, J. M., Brandi, M. L., Hörmann, S., Hennings, J., ... & Mathys, C. (2020). PLoS computational biology, 16(9), e1008162. learn more
Consider others better than yourself: Social decision-making and partner preference in borderline personality disorder. Jeung, H., Vollmann, M., Herpertz, S. C., & Schwieren, C. (2020). Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 67, 101436. learn more